Philosophy Essay; State of Nature - 1426 Words

Over time history has shown that in order to maintain a functional working society, man needs to adhere to a certain set of laws and rules that act as guidelines for their self-preservation. This theory is defined as a social contract. The philosophers that specialise in this topic are known as social theorists. They argue on what is the most successful social contract theory in order for society to move forwards economically and industrially. The concept of ruling by majority is one that is often discussed between philosophers based on its effectiveness as the basis for forming a government. Other theories that are used to challenge or support this are the influence of democracy and the problems with dictatorship. Ultimately each theory†¦show more content†¦He believed that the ones with the most reasoning, which was of course the philosophers of that time, were the ones that seemed capable enough to dictate a society as they can remain uninfluenced by human prejudices or d esires as well as the sole opinions of others. Rather than acting out of pride, fear or self preservation, these wise philosophers would think of what outcome will prove the most just for their society. Another reflection on the rule of a dictator is that they should be concerned for the good of others. As he lived in a different more chaotic society, Hobbes believed that a dictator should focus on maintaining protection and the ability to exercise self-interest for the people of their society. These are two very valid arguments; however, there are many objections to the rule of a dictator. The structure of power within a dictatorship is very strict and cannot be challenged. One of the main flaws in this system is the problem of succession. If one dictator rules fair and just then that rule can be considered successful, but what if the next dictator is not as for or as just! The chance of power abuse is more likely to occur as the dictators change ruling. Once power is in the hands of a benevolent dictator no one is able to stop them if they begin to abuse it. By them having the ultimate power, you are essentially giving up the power that you have over yourself.Show MoreRelatedValue of Philosophy Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the study of examining and thinking about questionable ethical problems and/or generally accepted certainties. Philosophy aims at knowledge that combines a variety of academic fields as well as convictions, prejudices and beliefs. What is Russell’s essay about? Present Russell’s position in your own words. Bertrand Russell’s essay addresses many issues concerning philosophy. In the writing, he states philosophy’s nature, value, and criticisms. The essay explains these aspects ofRead MoreEmerson And Transcendentalism1009 Words   |  5 Pagesprofoundly influenced by Transcendentalism. Throughout her childhood, the family was quite poor but idealistic. In 1843, Alcott, her three sisters, and her parents joined the transcendentalist uprising commune Fruitlands, which she writes about in her essay Transcendental Wild Oats (1873). Alcott never left her liberal rising behind and, as an adult, she supported the abolition of slavery and womens suffrage. Still living in poverty, she took odd jobs writing, sewing, and teaching to earn money. HerRead More`` Nature `` By Ralph Waldo Emerson920 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Nature† is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and published by James Munroe and Company in 1836. [1] â€Å"Nature† has a total of 41 pages. Th e essay consists of eight parts: Nature, Commodity, Beauty, Language, Discipline, Idealism, Spirit and Prospects. Each part takes a different perspective on the relationship between humans and nature. In this essay, Emerson emphasizes the foundation of transcendentalism, â€Å"a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and 30sRead MoreSelf Reliance Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesin New England, and proposed a revolutionarily new philosophy of life. This new philosophy drew upon old ideas of Romanticism, Unitarianism, and German Idealism. Some of these ideas pertained closely to the values of America at the time. These values included nature, individualism, and reform, and can be noted in the essay â€Å"Self Reliance,† by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In this essay, Emerson states his values and incorporates them into his philosophy of self-reliance. In the past 170 years, some of theRead MoreFrancis Bacon Essay example1282 Words   |  6 Pagespoverty to expand his career as a British politician entrepreneur and wrote prominent essays on humanism and innovative scientific philosophy. Most notably known as â€Å"the father of the English essay,† (McDougal 455) Bacon’s influential works were vastly impacted by the tenets of the Renaissance period. Even Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of our nation, credited being influenced by Bacon’s essays (McDougal 455). One of the core ideologies determined by his works is humanism which depictsRead MoreAnalysis Of William James829 Words   |  4 PagesPragmatism and philosophy related to such. He led a philosophical revolution in the USA and would make the philosophy known as  ¨Pragmatism very well known. In his book  ¨The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, William explains different philosophical beliefs while also challenging t hem and supporting the right to believe in a religion or even life itself. William James style of writing is more Expository mainly due to his explanation of different philosophies/religions but showingRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagestheories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at the University of Edinburgh; here he studies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked aboutRead MoreKarl Marx And Robert B. Reich And Their View On Economics1584 Words   |  7 Pagesstrata of official society being sprung into the air.† (Page 222). Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto. This is a really important essay. It has three sections in the book that I read it from. Robert B. Reich wrote Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer. This was widely discussed and still is. That is how important this essay it to people. These two essays are about economics. They may not agree on things, but they are both respected and discussed in many colleges. According to AijazRead MoreEssay on Humanity956 Words   |  4 PagesThis is an essay discussing human love, corruption, evil and hatred, and its relation to human nature. This is my philosophy; it is the product of what I have learned from other people and through observation of the worl d around me.The key ideas I will be supporting in the following paragraphs is that it is human nature to want to give and receive love; and a nature that must be exploited the fullest in order to rectify the current state of the world. Evil, competition, hatred and the human capabilitiesRead MoreThe Transcendentalist Movement Of Ralph Waldo Emerson1609 Words   |  7 Pagesdisseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841

Cytochrome Dna Essay - 1375 Words

Mammals were that distinct group of species for whom DNA barcoding was proved to be successful first time and mostly human hair was used to test mammal primers[8, 53].The essential usage of DNA barcoding ranges from the evaluation of the central web for morphologically mysterious species including carnivores, in order to capture misidentified individuals using hair, skin, feathers and furthermore to reconsider critical descriptors in regards to food web framework[54-57]. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 is particularly acknowledge as a standardized specie level barcoding region in animals [58]. Mitochondrial genes are favored over nuclear genes in case of mammals because mitochondrial genes don’t have introns; they are†¦show more content†¦DNA barcoding gives an operational system to mammalian taxonomic identification and cryptic species disclosure. Focused efforts to manufacture a reference library of hereditary information has brought about the assembly of more than 35 K mammalian cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences and laid out the extent of mammal related barcoding projects[68]. 5500 more extant mammalian species are currently recognized, and it will be impossible to achieve ambitious goal without active involvement of many institutions and experts worldwide. Therefore the campaign seeks to assemble a broad global coalition of leading researchers, museums, and other institutions with interest in mammal taxonomy and biodiversity (http://www.mammaliabol.org/) . DNA Barcoding in insects and birds Because of expanding universal business and financial advancement, the annihilation rates and the introduction of invasive and pests species are expanding[4], so National and International client population is demanding faster species distinguishing proof and more data about their biodiversity. 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Disneyland Resort Paris Free Essays

Disneyland Resort Paris: a development after understanding local cultures The case Disneyland Resort Paris: Mickey Goes to Europe introduced readers to the development of Disneyland Paris during fifteen years. Even though Disneyland Paris had a terrible start in 1994, it had a great improvement and bright future in 2007. The reason for its failure and success is the same: culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Disneyland Resort Paris or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forgetting to respect local culture caused Disneyland to lose market and revenue in Paris, while adjusting its operations with culture issues put Disneyland Paris in a successful position. The success of Disneyland in America As a cartoon company which was founded in 1923, Walt Disney Company started its business in America. During the period to develop its business to Americans, Disney created its core values such as innovation, fun and magic. Disney movies which evoked these values are welcomed by audiences and make the company the world leader in animation (Martha, 2011). For the same reason, Disneyland theme park, a resort to make â€Å"magic† real and tangible, also had big success in America. The universal strategy of Disney Company is to use Disneyland resorts to connect the real world and the magic world. First, the company shows audiences a wonderful and magic world in its animated movie. Second, with the popularity of the movie, the animated world reappears in Disneyland resorts by those famous characters and sidewalks (Martha, 2011). All these factors can provide guests with comfortable experiences of magic and fun that helping them to forget worries in the real life. To adopt above strategy in operation, Disney cares about both the internal and external management. For internal management, Disney offers its employees excellent treatments which create a high employee loyalty to the company. For the external management, Disneyland cares about details in its management and confirms that it transfers core values to its customers through quality services. In this way, Disney received high customer satisfaction and won great success in America. Both the core values and operation strategy are universal about Disney. Factors such as fun, magic and innovation can capture positive emotions of human beings and make them be touched. Then Disney uses its high quality services to transfer these emotions to guests in the theme park and drive them to become loyal customers. This is the reason Disneyland did great job in California and Tokyo. However, Disney faced failures in Paris at the beginning of the resort opening. The Reason of Failure in Paris The reason of failure in Paris is forgetting to consider the effects of culture different. Disney is not an aggressive company that explores new market blindly. It aware the risk of operating a theme park out of America and thinks carefully about how to spend money and transfer core values to guests in Tokyo. Tokyo Disneyland is the most profitable Disneyland in the world. The park in Tokyo completely copied the business model of the American one. However, due to the success case in Tokyo, the company forgot to consider about cultural differences and lost its market in Europe. What the company states is the strategy works in Tokyo will also works in Europe. However, Disney forgot to consider two kinds of culture differences, the difference between culture in Europe and Japan and the difference between culture in America and Europe. The former difference means even though America model worked in Japan, the same model may not success in Europe. For example, customers in Japan like their park have â€Å"the real thing† (Martha, 2011) not means customer in Europe will also welcome it. For the similar reason, a mode works well in America may not also works well in Europe. For example, the wine issue put Disneyland in Paris in a negative position and brought it infamous effects. An Effective Improvement to Make the Resort to Survive in Europe Disneyland in Paris had five approaches to improve its business: * Change the name of the park from â€Å"Euro Disney† to â€Å"Disneyland Paris†. This approach weakened the image of park in Europe and strengthened the image of a theme park in Paris . As a result, the effects of culture differences will have lower power to stop guests feel Disney’s core value. * Reduce cost to increase net income under a condition of lower revenue of Disneyland Paris. The culture in Europe restricts the ability of Disney to absorb money form customers. Since it’s hard to change the culture in Europe, a better choice is to adjust financial approach to reduce the lose caused by culture. Redesign services to attract more customers. Disney studio park and Val d’ Europe are two examples of services which capture more customers. The former one tries its best to include European elements in it. The approach provides guests something they were familiar with and attract more tourist to visit the Disneyland park. The latter one created a center to draw customers’ attention and affected their travelling preferences. Both of the se two buildings were near Disneyland Paris and work as a transportation to connect the European culture and â€Å"Disney culture†. Buildings with familiar elements will make guests feel comfortable and reduce their unfriendly feelings to Disneyland Park. Therefore the park will get a chance to cross the cultural boundary and bring its customers excellent experiences. * Improve services to bring visitors back. In addition to existing services, Disneyland is doing kinds of improvements to satisfy customers and making them find new attractions in the park. This approach will increase the customer loyalty and get them back to the park. In my opinion, Disneyland Paris did right process to resolve its crisis. At one side, Disney didn’t give up its core values. At the other side, the park improved its operation and management to create an environment which can comfort European visitors and expend businesses. Disneyland Paris indentified its main problem, cultural blunder, clearly and reacted to it quickly. Take the Walt Disney studios park as an example, this approach adopted the MBI model perfectly. * Mapping: Notice the culture differences between America and Europe. * Bridge: In â€Å"prepare stage†, Disneyland Paris already understood its customers and plan to use the studio to make it understood by customers. In â€Å"decenter stage†, Disney Company evolved European elements in its products since the empathy made it to offer customers services they like. In â€Å"recenter stage†, an example of inviting European designer to design stunt show expresses its high emotion of establish a common reality (Martha, 2011). * Integrate: the opinion of Peter McGrath (Martha, 2011) illustrates the studio park has high awareness of handle cultural differences and face new cultural challenges. Disneyland Paris also adopted MBI model to its other services and the park generated customer loyalty successfully. The company reprogrammed and reopened existing star attractions to bring visitors back and also draw attention of new customers. The high benefits Disney Paris offering to its employees creates a positive internal company culture and helps employees to provide visitors with high quality services. The high quality services with innovation transferred core values of Disneyland to its customers. For example, the â€Å"summer camps† service, which launched in 2003, brought low cost and high return to the company and at the same time welcomed by customers. A balance of local culture and America Style I will advise Disneyland Paris to adapt the park in a balance of local culture and American style. Completely copying American model is proved to be a failure case therefore moving Disneyland Paris to this mode is just putting the company in the wrong track of development. A total local cultural mode will cause the park lose its characteristics. If Disneyland doesn’t have any Disney features, why customers prefer Disneyland rather than its competitors? At one side, features like Disney characters and buildings differentiate Disneyland from other theme parks. At the other side, the company needs to design and organize services in a more local way to guarantee that its core values can be transferred and accepted by visitors. To connect Disneyland with local events will be a good choice. For example, Paris will hold music festival every July. Sending band which consisted with Disney characters to play music on the festival can remind people the existence of the park and attract them to visit it. In 2009, German visitors are just 3% of whole visitors (Maznevski, 2009). Therefore to increase German visitors can extend visitors and boost revenue. When Oktoberfest festival is held in German, Disneyland Paris can also hold beer festival in the park to make Germany feel happy and glad to visit the park as well as spend money. Bibliography Harry w. Lane, Martha l. Maznevski, Joseph J. DiStefana, Joerg Dietz. (2011). International Management Behavior. Chippenham, Great Britain: CPI Abtone Rowe. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2009, 06 25). Disneyland Paris – ANNO 2009. Lausanne, Switzerland. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2011). Disneyland Resort Paris: Mickey Goes to Europe. In M. l. Harry w. Lane, International Management Behavior (p. 137). Chippenham: CPI Antony Rowe. How to cite Disneyland Resort Paris, Essay examples

The Relevant Principles and Provisions in Relation of AASB Sample

Questions: a) Outline how Companies are required to Account for Revenue under the New AASB 15.b) Explain why the IASB has Issued AASB 15 in place of the Existing Revenue Standards. c) Report the Possible Impacts that the New Recognition Criteria will have on your Chosen Company's Current Operations and Financial Statements. d) Evaluate the Flexibility Management has available in the Accounting Choices related to Revenue Recognition under the New Standards. Answers: Introduction With the IASB paving way for the amendment in the revenue recognition with IFRS 15, the AASB followed suit with the release of AASB 15. It is expected that the implementation of AASB 15 would have significant implications for businesses not but for financial systems but also the operating mechanism as well. In this backdrop, the objective of this report is to analyse the relevant clauses of AASB 15, the need for introducing the same and the impact of this new accounting standard on Qantas which is the leading airline company of Australia. Discussion The revenue recognition from contracts in AASB 15 is essentially a five step process as indicated below (Deloitte, 2016). Further, AASB 15 also provides detailed principles guidelines with regards to the above steps. For instance, with regards to recognition of contract, AASB 15 (para.9) advocates that recognition of contract takes place when each of the five conditions mentioned below are met (AASB, 2015). The contracting parties have provided their approval for the contract and want to fulfil the respective contractual obligations. It is possible for the entity to identify the right of each party with regards to the transfer of goods and services. It is possible for the entity to identify the terms of payment for the transfer of goods and services, The contract must have commercial nature It is fair to conclude that the concerned entity would be able to gain some consideration on the basis of the transfer of goods and services. With regards to the identification of obligations regarding performance, it is necessary that when the contract is executed, there is identification of the performance obligations with regards to the goods and services transfer which relate to either distinct goods and services or those which are distinct but may be considered to be similar and therefore would be driven by similar obligations in relation to performance (para. 22). Besides, the transaction price has been defined as the consideration amount which a goods and services provider expects to recover to the transferee on account of the exchange done in relation to good and services promised to the other party or the customer (para. 47). When the concerned entity manages to fulfil the performance obligation mutually decided at the time of the contract by ensuring service or goods transfer, then the relevant revenue arising from the same may be recognised (para. 31). Further, the transfer of goods or service is assumed to have happened when the customers gain control over the given asset (i.e. product or service) (AASB, 2015). 2.The various reasons for which IASB issued a new standard for revenue replaced the older ones are highlighted below (IFRS, 2014). Glaring inconsistency and loopholes in the existing revenue standards - The previous revenue standards offered limited guidance on a number of subjects which led to proliferation in the practices surrounding revenue recognition. Also, the limited guidance that indeed was provided was of little help to deal with the complex nature of transactions occurring in reporting entities. In order to supplement the limited guidance, the reporting entities started the application of US GAAP in a selective manner. However, under US GAAP the concepts related to revenue recognition were broad which when combined with specific requirements pertaining to the industry and transactions. The net result of this practice was that similar transactions had very different accounting treatment. Also, as new transactions emerged, the existence regulations and standards in this regard were find to be grossly insufficient. Inadequate disclosure requirements The existing standards and regulations in regards to revenue recognition led to information disclosures which were found to be wanting by the investors with regards to understanding the revenue of the company. In this regard, a particularly disturbing trend was there was no relation established between the revenue recognition and the relationship with financial statements. Thus, the isolated nature ofrevenue stating coupled with limited disclosures regarding management assumptions made the existing practices irrelevant. The IFRS 15 and consequently AASB 15 tend to address the above issues and leads to the following advantages (PwC, 2014). There would be improvement in comparability in customer revenue as there would be standardisation of recognition of revenues and costs from contracts. This would reduce the need and utility for interpretative guidance as the same would no more be required because of reduced ambiguity. There would be a drastic improvement in the overall disclosures and thus lead to prudent decision making by investors. 3.With regards to an airline company such as Qantas, AASB 15 would have significant implications. The focus areas in this regard are listed below (EY, 2015). Accounting of loyalty programs In accordance with AASB 15, the various loyalty programs would be treated as specific goods and services for which payment is extracted from the customers and the underlying consideration should be recognised as revenues as and when the performance obligations are fulfilled. This would lead to the revenue recognition from such programs being deferred into the future and thus would adversely impact revenue. The exact extent of impact for the company needs to be reviewed through an impact assessment. Interline Transactions Qantas has core sharing agreements with various operators and revenue recognition arising from these would change. Currently, the revenue collected from customer is realised only on a net basis after deducting the revenue portion of the other airline (Qantas, 2016). However, with the implementation of AASB 15, the company would need to recognise the complete amount taken from the customer as revenue. The amount paid to the other airline would be regarded as a cost and hence presentation in the income statement would undergo a change. Ancillary Services Currently, the revenue collected from the ancillary services is separate from the ticket revenue. Under the new standard, it would be imperative for the company to recognise every given ancillary service as different from each other. Further, performance obligation would need to be identified for each of these services and hence revenue recognition would be done only with the realisation of these obligations irrespective of whether the company is providing these services for charge or free. Hence, there would be a marked change in the revenue pattern for the company. Breakage revenue from passenger ticket The revenue from unused tickets would now be recognised after considering the rights that been unexercised and hence the proportion of revenue realised would be impacted. Hence, for companies which follow the redemption method the impact would be minimal but for companies like Qantas which follow the expiration method, the impact would be significant (Qantas, 2016). 4.One of the key features of the AASB 15 is the flexibility available to management in applying the discretion so as to enable complete and accurate recognition of revenue. This discretion would be required considering the vast ambit of complex transactions that the AASB 15 aims to apply to. Due to the differing nature of the industries, underlying business models, scale of operation, there would be subtle differences with regards to the practices followed and while ensuring comparability and greater disclosure, it ought to provide the requisite flexibility as a narrow interpretation of the clauses and their implementation would be severely curtailing and defeat the original purpose at hand. However, there needs to be regulatory mechanism put in place so as to ensure that this flexibility is not abused by the management to serve various ulterior motives (KPMG, 2015). Conclusion It is fair to conclude that AASB 15 provides a elaborate set of principles in relation to revenue recognition arising from contractual relationship. However, it provides the requisite flexibility which is required to implement the same while ensuring greater comparability and disclosure. Going forward the implications of AASB 15 would be profound in terms of accounting treatment of loyalty programs, ancillary services, interline transactions and breakage revenues from ticket. The company needs to carry out a thorough impact assessment in order to understand the same. References AASB 2015, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Australian Accounting Standards Board, [Online] Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB15_12-14_COMPoct15_01-18.pdf [Accessed April 2, 2017] Deloitte 2016, AASB 2015:Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Deloitte Website, [Online] Available athttps://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/audit/deloitte-au-aasb-navigator-191216.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] EY 2014, The new revenue recognition standard airlines, EY Website, [Online] Available atwww.ey.com/...airlines.../technicalline_bb2817_revenuerecognition_airlines_28augus[Accessed April 2, 2017] IFRS 2014, IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, International Financial Reporting Standards, [Online] Available athttps://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Revenue-Recognition/Documents/IFRS-15/Revenue-from-Contracts-Project-summary-Feedback-Statement-May-2014.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] KPMG 2015, Implementing the new revenue recognition standard AASB 15, KPMG Website, [Online] Available athttps://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/09/implementing-revenue-standard-aasb15-15-sep-2015.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] PwC 2014, New revenue rules Is your business impacted?,PwC Website, [Online] Available athttps://www.pwc.com.au/assurance/ifrs/assets/new-revenue-rules-may14.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] Qantas 2016, Annual Report 2016, Qantas Website, [Online] Available at https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed April 2, 2017]