Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Example For Students

Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Abstract. Current popular attack in the research and development of the acoustic soaking up panel is to replace man-made fibres that may be risky to wellness and environment with natural fibres that are inexpensive and has no inauspicious impact on wellness and the environment. The purpose of this research is to look into the sound soaking up coefficient of three different local natural cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff. Local fibres on its ain or combined were assorted with phenol methanal rosin. Compacted unit of ammunition shaped samples of 100 millimeters and 28 millimeters O with 12 millimeters thickness at 600 kg/cm3of denseness were produced before tested for sound soaking up coefficient by utilizing the electric resistance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001 criterion demands. The consequences obtained indicate that oil thenar empty fruit clump ( OPEFB ) , coir and rice chaff gave better soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile combination of rice chaff: sugar cane bagasse, rice straw: OPEFB and maize hazelnut: coir at certain mix ratios improved the soaking up coefficient of sugar cane bagasse, rice straw and maize hazelnut when being assorted together. This suggests a potency of using local natural cellulose fibres as sustainable and environmentally friendly acoustic soaking up panel. We will write a custom essay on Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Keywords:Local natural cellulose fibres, maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, rice chaff, acoustic soaking up panel Introduction Presents, the construct of green and sustainable engineering has become the major high spot in assorted Fieldss in the industry. For acoustic soaking up panel, the usage of traditional stuffs such as man-made fibres becomes a major concern to the society due to its harmful effects on human wellness. Researchers invariably review alternate stuffs which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly as replacements to bing natural stuffs. As consequences, there have been legion research attempts made by research workers to use natural cellulose fibres to develop constructing constituents such as acoustic panel which less inauspicious impact to the environment and human wellness. Natural fibres has a batch of advantages compared to the man-made fibres such as renewable, non-abrasive, cheaper, copiousness and less wellness and safety concern during managing and treating due to its really low toxicity ( Razak et al. ( 1988 ) ; D’Alessandro and Pispola ( 2005 ) ; Zulkifli et Al. ( 2009 ) ) . Previous local researches have suggested some natural cellulose fibres which have high potency to be applied as alternate stuffs of sound absorbing stuffs. Rice straw was reported suited for acoustic panel because of its good acoustic public presentation. Abdullah et Al. ( 2013 ) investigated dried rice straw assorted with methylcellulose as binder and found that rice straw absorber has comparable public presentation compared to the commercial glass wool absorber as it recorded good acoustic public presentation above 1500 kilohertz with mean absorption coefficient of 0.8. Putra et Al. ( 2012 ) studied on the acoustic belongingss of sugar cane waste fibres and found that the fibre produced good acoustic public presentation and was comparable against the classical man-made absorbers as it recorded mean soaking up coefficient of 0.65 at 1200 4500Hz. Furthermore, Mahzan et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the potency of rice chaff reinforced composite as sound absorber. The consequence demonst rated that rice chaff was superior to rubber atoms and wood shaved, as it recorded highest soaking up coefficient of 0.89 at 250Hz. Fouladi et Al. ( 2013 ) found that coir and maize fibre has immense potency to be used as sound absorber as it recorded better soaking up coefficient against rug, plyboard and curtain. The focal point point of this research is to analyze the sound soaking up coefficient of six different cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff whether on its ain or in combination with the same thicknesses and denseness of 12 millimeters and 600 kg/cm3severally ( see Table 2 ) . Possibly, findings from this research, would give another position and thought to use local natural cellulose fibres as natural stuff for sustainable acoustic soaking up panel. Methodology a ) Materials Corn Cob – a byproduct from the nucleus portion of the maize to which the grains are attached. Corn Cobs used in this research were obtained around Klang Valley. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) a byproduct generated from the palm oil industry. OPEFB was obtained from palm oil mill located in Sepang, Selangor. Rice Straw a byproduct of agricultural activity and identified as an agricultural waste merchandise which rarely being disposed by firing. Rice straw was obtained from paddy field in Machang, Kelantan. Coir – a by-productfrom thehuskof thecoconut,which is between the difficult inner shell and the outer coat. Coir was obtained from Batu Pahat, Johor. Rice Husk – a byproduct from the outermost bed of Paddy grain that is separated from the rice grains during the milling procedure. Rice chaffs were obtained at BERNAS rice factory at Tiram Jaya, Tanjong Karang Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) – a byproduct that remains aftersugarcanestalks are crushed to pull out their juice, SCB used in this research was obtained around Klang Valley. Phenol methanal rosin ( PL-60M ) acts as adhesives to adhere the stuffs and supply lastingness under heat, high humidness, and outside exposure conditions. PL-60M was supplied by Malayan Adhesives and Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. Table 1: Chemical composing of stuffs .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postImageUrl , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:visited , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active { border:0!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night - various plots and how they are int Essay Chemical Components Material/Dry Solid ( % ) ( a )Rice Straw ( B )OPEFB ( degree Celsius )Corn Cob ( vitamin D )Coir ( vitamin E )Rice Husk ( degree Fahrenheit )SCB Cellulose 33.4 51.28 41.27 68.9 28.6 35.2 Hemicellulose 28.2 28.18 46.00 16.8 28.6 25.5 Lignin 7.4 15.17 7.40 32.1 24.4 22.2 ( a ) Heet Al. ( 2008 ) ( B ) Ariffin et Al. ( 2008 ) ( degree Celsius ) Satimanont et Al. ( 2012 ) ( vitamin D )Asasutjarit et Al. ( 2007 )( vitamin E ) Di Blasiet Al. ( 1999 )( degree Fahrenheit )Rezendeet Al. ( 2011 ) B ) Samples readying and proving The natural stuffs of maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff were dried out and oppress. Then dried fibres were assorted and blended with phenol methanals rosin ( PL-60M ) in conformity to blend design composing ( see Table 2 ) and compressed utilizing cold imperativeness and hot imperativeness method to organize solid and strong acoustic soaking up panel. The force per unit area of cold pressure procedure was set at 10 Psi. Meanwhile, for hot pressure procedure, the panels were pressed at 170Â °C at four different force per unit areas ; 80 kg/cm3, 50 kg/cm3, 20 kg/cm3and 20 kg/cm3severally. To bring forth unit of ammunition shaped samples, cutting procedure was done by utilizing the air compaction cutter with two different diameters in conformity to impedance tube diameter of 100 and 28 millimeters for low and high frequence measurings, severally. The sound soaking up coefficient of the samples was measured utilizing electric res istance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001. The frequence ranges for proving were 250 – 4000 Hz. Table 2: Mix design composing Material Sample Ratio ( % ) Density ( kg/cm3) Resin Corn Cob AP1 100 600 PL-60M Coir AP2 100 600 PL-60M Rice Straw AP3 100 600 PL-60M Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) AP4 100 600 PL-60M Rice Husk AP5 100 600 PL-60M Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) AP6 100 600 PL-60M Corn Cob: Coir AP7 50:50 600 PL-60M AP8 70:30 600 PL-60M AP9 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Straw: OPEFB AP10 50:50 600 PL-60M AP11 70:30 600 PL-60M AP12 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Husk: SCB AP13 50:50 600 PL-60M AP14 70:30 600 PL-60M AP15 30:70 600 PL-60M Figure 1: ( a ) Cold pressing procedure ( B ) Hot pressing procedure ( degree Celsius ) Cutting Procedure ( vitamin D ) Impedance tubing trial Result and Discussion The acoustic soaking up coefficient for the natural cellulose fibres on its ain are stipulated in the Figure 2 ( a ) . Most of the samples absorbed more sound at higher scope of frequence except for sample AP1 and AP3 which decreased bit by bit at higher frequence ranges ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Sample AP4 and AP5 recorded the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower frequence ranges ( 250-1000 Hz ) and higher frequence scope ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Meanwhile, sample AP6 attained the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower frequence scope and sample AP1 at higher frequence scope. Figure 2 ( B ) shows the soaking up coefficient of assorted natural cellulose fibres at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios. Samples AP7, AP10, AP12, AP13, AP14 and AP 15 showed maximal soaking up capacity at higher frequence scope. Meanwhile, samples AP8, AP9, AP11 decreased bit by bit after go throughing 2000 Hz. Sample AP14 attained the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower and higher frequence ranges. On the other manus, sample AP9 showed the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower and higher frequence scope. Blending the natural cellulose fibres together at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios give both positive and negative effects on its sound soaking up capacity. For case, figure 2 ( degree Celsius ) illustrates that, when maize hazelnut and coir were being assorted together at 50:50 and 70:30 of ratios it gives better sound soaking up capacity than maize hazelnut on its ain as it recorded higher soaking up coefficient of 0.19 at 4000 Hz for sample AP7 and 0.16 at 2000 Hz for sample AP8. At 30:70 ratio, there was no betterment on the soaking up capacity of the sample ( sample AP9 ) as it recorded lower soaking up coefficient at all frequence scope than maize hazelnut ( sample AP1 ) and coir ( sample AP2 ) on its ain. Coir on its ain ( sample AP2 ) possessed the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile, for rice straw and OPEFB, 30:70 ( sample AP12 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP10 ) mix ratios gives better soaking up coefficient values than rice straw on its ain ( sample AP3 ) as it recorded satisfactory soaking up coefficient values of 0.34 and 0.29 at 4000 Hz severally. Rice straw and OPEFB at 70:30 ratio ( sample 11 ) gives inauspicious consequence on its soaking up capacity as it recorded the lowest soaking up coefficient than the other samples. On the other manus, OPEFB on its ain ( sample AP4 ) recorded the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others as shows in figure 2 ( vitamin D ) . Mixed rice chaff and sugar cane bagasse at 70:30 and 50:50 of mix ratio besides improved the soaking up capacity when compared to sugarcane bagasse on its ain. At 70:30 ( sample AP14 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP13 ) mix ratios, optimal soaking up coefficient of 0.38 and 0.28 both at 4000 Hz were recorded as sugar cane bagasse on its ain ( sample AP6 ) merely recorded 0.17 of optimal soaking up coefficient at 4000 Hz. Rice Husk: sugar cane bagasse at 30:70 of mix ratio ( sample AP15 ) attained the lowest soaking up coefficient as it recorded merely 0.13 of soaking up coefficient value ( see figure 2 ( vitamin E ) ) . Based on analytical observation of obtained consequences, most of the samples recorded lower and unsatisfactory soaking up coefficient except samples made from OPEFB and rice chaff. This may be due to its less porous feature and thicker fibre size, which affect it absorption coefficient. Seddeq ( 2009 ) suggested that porousness and fiber size dramas an of import function in sound soaking up of hempen stuff as porous stuff and thin fibre size addition sound soaking up which allows more moving ridges to go through through them. Apart from that, the soaking up of the natural cellulose fibres can be improved by increasing the thickness of the natural fiber bed which will increase soaking up at lower frequences. Furthermore, the soaking up belongingss of natural fibres can besides be increased by increasing the majority denseness of the stuff. Natural fibres seem to supply better soaking up belongingss because of increased majority denseness due to excess matrix stuff ( Al Rahman et al. , 2013 ) . .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postImageUrl , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:visited , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active { border:0!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayTable 2: Absorption coefficients of natural cellulose fibres Sample Frequency ( Hz ) /Absorption coefficient 250 500 1000 2000 4000 AP1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.06 AP2 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.21 0.23 AP3 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.27 0.18 AP4 0.09 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.63 AP5 0.08 0.09 0.39 0.5 0.54 AP6 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.1 0.17 AP7 0.07 0.1 0.17 0.18 0.19 AP8 0.03 0.04 0.1 0.16 0.06 AP9 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.04 AP10 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.29 AP11 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.07 AP12 0.07 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.34 AP13 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.2 0.28 AP14 0.11 0.12 0.31 0.38 0.38 AP15 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 Decision Several local natural cellulose fibres were utilized as acoustic soaking up panel in this survey. The consequences illustrated that these local cellulose fibres has relevant acoustic soaking up and would be a feasible replacement for industrial merchandises. These new findings hopefully would give another position to the development of sustainable acoustic soaking up panel which is more environmental friendly. Recognition The writers would wish to thank Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Oceancash Felts Sdn Bhd for their proficient support and Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ) Research Acculturation Grant Scheme 600-RMI/RAGS 5/3 ( 32/2012 ) for patronizing this research. Mentions Abdullah Y. , Putra A. , Efendy H. , Farid W. M. and Ayob M. R. Investigation On Sound Absorption Coefficient Of Natural Paddy Fibers International Journal Of Renewable Energy Resources 3 ( 2013 ) 8-11 Al Rahman L.A, Raja R.I. and Rahman A.R. Experimental Study On Natural Fibers For Green Acoustic Absorption Materials American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 ( 10 ) : 1307-1314, 2013 ISSN: 1546-9239 Ariffin, H. , Hassan, M. A. , Umi Kalsom, M. S. , Abdullah, N. , Ghazali, F. M. , A ; Shirai, Y. ( 2008 ) . Production of bacterial endoglucanase from oil thenar empty fruit clump by Bacillus Pumilus EB3. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,3, 231-2236. Asasutjarit, C. , Hirunlabh, J. , Khedari, J. , Charoenvai, S. , Zeghmati, B. , and Shin, U. C. Development of coconut coir-based lightweight cement board. Construction and Building Materials ( 2007 ) , 21 ( 2 ) , 277-288 BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001, 2001, Acoustics Determination of sound soaking up coefficient and electric resistance in electric resistance tubings – Part 2, Transfer-function method. D’Alessandro, F. and Pispola G. 2005. Sound soaking up belongingss of sustainable hempen stuffs in an enhanced echo room. Paper presented in The 2005 Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 07-10 August. Di Blasi, C. , Buonanno, F. and Branca, C. 1999. Responsivenesss of some biomass chars in air. Carbon. 37 ( 8 ) , 1227-1238. Fouladi, M.H. , Nassir, M.H. , Ghassem, M. , Shamel, M. , Yeng Peng, S. , Yi Wen, S. , Zong Xin, P. and Mohd Nor, M.J. Utilizing Malaysian Natural Fibers as Sound Absorber. In, Modeling and Measurement Methods for Acoustic Waves and for Acoustic Microdevices. InTech, ISBN: 978-953-51-1189-4, pp.161-170, 2013. He Y. , Pang Y, Liu Y, Li X. and Wang K. Physicochemical Characterization of Rice Straw Pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide in the Solid State for Enhancing Biogas Production Energy A ; Fuels 2008, 22, 2775–2781 Mahzan S, Ahmad Zaidi A.M. , Ghazali M.I. , Yahya M.N. and. Ismail M. Investigation on sound soaking up of rice-husk reinforced composite.In: Proceedings of MUCEET2009 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology, 20-22 June 2009, MS Garden, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Putra A. , Abdullah Y. , Efendy H. , Farid W.M. , Ayob M.R. and Py M.S. Using Sugarcane Wasted Fibers as a Sustainable Acoustic Absorber Procedia Engineering vol. 53 p. 632-638 Razak A. , M.A. , Khoo, K.C. , and Khozirah, S. 1988. Prospects and Potential Of The Oil Palm Trunk as a Beginning Of Lignocellulosic Raw Material, The Malayan Forester, Vol 51 ( 3 ) :164-175. Rezende et Al. Chemical And Morphological Characterization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Submitted To A Delignification Process For Enhanced Enzymatic Digestibility Biotechnology for Biofuels 2011,4:54 Sassine Y.N. , Ghora Y. , Kharrat M. , Bohme M. and Abdel-Mawgoud A.M.R. Waste Paper as an Alternative for Casing Soil in Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) Production’ Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1 ( 3 ) : 277-284, 2005 Seddeq H.S. Factors Influencing Acoustic Performance of Sound Absorptive Materials Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3 ( 4 ) : 4610-4617, 2009 ISSN 1991-8178 Zulkifli, R. , Mohd Nor, M.J. , Ismail, A.R. , Nuawi, M.Z. , Abdullah, S. , Mat Tahir, M.F. , Ab Rahman, M.N. Comparison belongingss between coir fiber and oil thenar fiber. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Vol. 33, No 1, pp 144-152. Figure 2 ( a ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 100 % mix ratio Figure 2 ( B ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratio Figure 2 ( degree Celsius ):Absorption Coefficient of maize hazelnut and coir for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin D ):Absorption Coefficient of rice straw and OPEFBfor 100,50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin E ):Absorption Coefficient of rice chaff A ; sugarcane bagasse for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios

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This is what I saw in manga, but the character got hard on my head, the stars suddenly floated in the air, and the manga looked very awkward. However, in just a few seconds, the cartoon restarts and resumes operation. In the latest legend of Tom and Jerry or Coyote and Roadrunner, this seems interesting, but in real life it is not that fascinating. Looking at the stars, fainting and feeling unconscious may be a brain injury called concussion. Concussion or traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a very serious problem that needs to be treated in this way. However, traditional doctors and medicines often treat post-concussion treatment as long-term treatment. You may ask if there is a general concussion or TBI In the absence of common symptoms, they believe that you healed, but symptoms of concussion have been affected for a long time. There are various ways to heal the brain after concussion, so you can return to sports events and restore quality living. We used the definition of concussion proposed by international consensus on sports concussion. Thus, athletes experiencing acceleration of brain trauma followed by concussion symptoms, concussion or cognitive decline of the brain are diagnosed as concussion. . Standardized entrance and follow-up visit forms are used in various places. The patient enters demographic information (date of birth, gender etc.) and clinical data (eg, injured day, injured movement, symptom score after concussion). A single definition of concussion, mild head trauma, or mild traumatic brain trauma is generally accepted. International Symposium on Sports Vibration 2001 In the first session of the sports group the vibration of the first session was defined as a complicated pathophysiological process affecting the brain caused by traumatic biomechanical force. It is generally accepted that concussion is usually accompanied by transient damage that temporally spontaneously heals over time, and neuroimaging usually has a severe structural change ca used by the condition of the brain It indicates that it is not.

The Englishtenment Period and the Value of Women's Rights Article

The Englishtenment Period and the Value of Women's Rights - Article Example The fact that she is from China is telling and relevant. Chinese culture has not been known for gender equality, and in fact, women from the country have always been compelled to follow certain rules and strictures on how to behave. Foot binding, or the process of binding feet of girl-children so that they get deformed and resemble lotuses, is one of China’s anachronistic traditions. But the article is telling us that those days are drawing to an end and Chinese women are claiming their place and breaking new barriers. This recognition of women is one of the contributions of the Enlightenment period. To quote Carla Hesse, writing on women writers during the Enlightenment period, â€Å"the data on women writers suggests that the economic and commercial vision of the Enlightenment and Revolution opened up possibilities for female participation in an absolutely central arena of modern public life that was at odds with the dominant male conception of appropriate relations between the sexes.† How do we relate these Enlightenment values with the values of our times? In the modern days, the legitimacy of the struggle for women’s rights is largely accepted. Women are believed to be equal to men in most respects – they can work, vote, run for public office, and aspire towards their goals. Feminists all over the world have fought for these rights and have fought for the mainstreaming of gender values. Admittedly, there is still a lot that needs to be done and so much more than needs to be accomplished. In the developing world, women’s needs are still considered secondary to men, and in conflict and poverty situations, women tend to be at higher risk of hunger and malnutrition.  

Health Illness and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Illness and society - Essay Example or theories on health are not limited to illnesses and symptoms but as to how people interpret and respond to symptoms as well (Hughner and Kleine 2004, p. 1688). For instance, Hughner and Kleine (2004, p. 1869) pointed out that a person who sees the role of a physician as someone who would fix his or her body would behave in a different way compared to a person who sees himself or herself as somebody who can control his or her own health. A person who sees pills as a magic substance that will cure his or her health will progress differently from a person who sees medicines as only one aspect of a comprehensive approach to health (Hughner and Kleine 2004, p. 1869). Blaxter pointed out in 2000 that the poorest sectors of society can attribute illnesses to purely behavioural causes or that the causes of ill health are beyond their control (Hodgins et al. 2006, p. 1986). Illnesses are always attributed to poverty and the idea that one can be socially unfortunate yet very healthy is inte nsely resisted (Hodgins et al. 2006, 1986). Hodgins et al. (2006, p. 1984) reported that a prevailing belief among Travellers, an ethnic minority in Ireland, is that a woman has to be very sick before seeing a doctor. The Travellers believe that the mother must be the one who must get well last from any illness and that the mother must take care of the family because husbands can leave the family but not the wife or the mother (Hodgins et al. 2004, p. 1983). Travellers also believe that smoking is not contraindicated for heart ailments but is even a way of relaxation (Hodgins et al. 2007). Norby (2008, p. 357) pointed out, â€Å"Patients tend to think they are entitled to understand lay health terms like ‘sickness’ and ‘illness’ in ways that do not necessarily correspond to health professionals’ understanding.† Further, Norby (2008, p. 357) argued that it is â€Å"easier for doctors to create a communicative platform of shared concepts by using and explaining special medical

African Americans in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

African Americans in the U.S. Essay African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Old Testament Vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention :: essays research papers

Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention The Old Testament and Hellenic texts we have studied have numerous examples of divine intervention. The range and complexity in human affairs that these interventions occur have similar, yet different attributes. Both texts describe divine intervention as a way of explaining "why things happen(ed) and being "chosen" by God or gods to fulfill a destiny. Both also see divine intervention as something that can not be understood by humans; God or the gods have their reasons why people are "chosen" and why certain gifts, events, and catastrophes happen and we will never understand the reasoning. Differences in the texts stem from the reasons they are the same; why certain people are chosen, why events happen, etc. The range and complexity in human affairs of divine intervention as described in the Hellenic texts and the Old Testament are similar because of the interference in human affairs, yet they are different because of why certain people are chosen to fulfill a destiny. For instance, in the Old Testament, God chooses Noah and his family to be the only survivors after the flood that wipes out the earth. His destiny was to build the ark and take a pair of every living creature to help repopulate the earth after everything is wiped out. This is similar to Oedipus at Colonus, in the Hellenic texts, because the gods choose Oedipus to save the city of Colonus from his own sons. They differ because God, in the Old Testament, chooses rather blindly. He does not choose people for any reason except that is who He wanted. If He does choose, it is based on goodness or loyalty to Him. The gods of Hellenic texts, like in Oedipus at Colonus, the gods choose Oedipus because of his wisdom and his family line. The Hellenic texts choose based on prestige, family, and honor. Another example of this is the story "Joseph" in the Old Testament. Joseph was chosen to be a powerful ruler in Egypt for no reason whatsoever, just because God wanted him to be. In The Illiad, this would never happen, Achilles is chosen to defeat Hector because of his prestige, honor, and family line. Achilles is not chosen because Zeus just wanted him to. Not just anybody could have killed Hector, it had to be someone famous. In the Old Testament, divine intervention, especially in "Genesis," plays a very important part. For example, in "The Creation of the Universe," God wills everything into being. "God said, ‘Let there be light,'" (Genesis 1:5) "Then God said, ‘Let the earth produce growing things,'" (Genesis 1:11)

Divirgent’s World Essay

In a futuristic, dystopian Chicago, society is organized into five factions. Each faction places value solely on a specific virtue, which its members work to cultivate throughout their lives. There is Abnegation, which values selflessness, Amity, which values peace, Erudite, which values knowledge, Candor, which values honesty, and Dauntless, which values bravery. Children are raised in their parents’ faction, and once they turn sixteen, they have the option to choose for themselves which faction will be theirs for the rest of their lives, whether it’s the one they grew up in or not. Beatrice Prior is a sixteen-year-old member of Abnegation. She and her brother Caleb, who is not quite a year her elder, take the aptitude test that will tell them which faction they are most suitable for. The test consists of a simulation of a confrontation with a vicious dog. Beatrice shows aptitude for three different factions, Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless, and this means she is something called Divergent. She is warned to never tell anyone of her results – it is dangerous to be Divergent. After much contemplation over whether to stay in Abnegation or switch factions, Beatrice chooses to switch to Dauntless, and Caleb moves to Erudite. In Dauntless, Beatrice changes her name to Tris because she feels it will allow her to start over and become someone else entirely. She makes quick friends with two Candor transfers named Christina and Al, and an Erudite transfer named Will, while three other Candor transfers, Peter, Drew, and Molly, become her enemies. Initiation into this courageous faction involves three stages, and they will be ranked after each one. Only the top ten initiates will become Dauntless members; the rest will fail out and become factionless, forced to live on the streets of the city in poverty. The first stage of initiation involves learning how to fight from their mysterious initiation instructor, Four, and one of the cruel Dauntless leaders, Eric. Because Tris is small, she isn’t a particularly adept fighter, but she manages to get by.

Ethan Frome Essay

Ethan Frome Essay Destiny can shape the lives of many different kinds of people, such as princes who are meant to be kings and the poor who know they will not have the opportunity to be wealthy. Ethan Frome taught me that it is human nature to follow the destiny and predetermined life patterns bestowed on us upon birth. In one of the earlier chapters of Ethan Frome, the author describes the gravestones of many Ethan Fromes before the main character. It shows that Ethan will live and die in Starkfield, and he cannot change that regardless of what his aspirations are. Humans seem to have picked a spot and stayed there. A girl who grows up in a small town in the Midwest in a school with a class of one hundred, will experience the same lifestyle but through the eyes of a grown up woman. Even though this girl might have had dreams of living her own lifestyle, the barriers her destiny have formed between her aspirations and the reality of her predestined future. Life seems to be similar to a computer for many, as it is for Ethan Frome. One can type in a course for someone to follow, and it seems to never run off the tracks. Having a predetermined life does not always have to be about where you come from geographically. Even looking around Morristown High School, you can see patterns where, sadly, certain students do not have the same opportunities for success as others because of their past. The child of a well known cardiologist who lives in The Summit is given the drive and determination to learn as a characteristic from their parents, and it is already programmed into their life course. The child of an immigrant who is doing as much as they can to get by, might not be able to find that drive and determination as easily within themselves as the child who has been given those qualities from birth. On the other hand, there are those who can break those barriers. Every once in a while, you hear about a success story of somebody who fell off the life course but eventually found their way to a new and improved one. Those people are far to scarce. I will never forget a billboard I once saw in New York that read â€Å"Homeless to Harvard. † The picture showed a girl who looked as normal as a next door neighbor, but her struggles and accomplishments brought her to an ivy league school. Ethan Frome, Zeena, and Mattie Silver fell unbeknownst into the course of life that Starkfield Massachusetts had made. Cold winters and relationships forced them to stay on a path to mental destruction and misery. The story taught me that it is human nature to follow the set of rules made by the surrounding society.

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers In the pre-scientific period the mind was considered as the soul. Primitive people explain phenomena such as sleep, unconsciousness, mental illness, death and so on using the concept of soul. The first scientific understanding of the psyche emerged in the ancient world. They are reflected in the writings of philosophers, doctors, teachers. In the ancient India the concept of the soul is revealed in the texts of the Vedas. Soul is regarded as a substance, which is inherent consciousness, eternity, the ability to work. Potentially soul has knowledge, morality, faith, unlimited energy (power) and infinite bliss. But as the soul is in an imperfect state, it is engaged in inappropriate activities and subject to suffering. Ethical and philosophical positions of the ancient East influenced on the formation of the scientific views of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, where the idea of the psyche was formed in the process of consideration of man as part of nature. Democritus argued that the soul is a variety substances formed of atoms of fire and obey general laws. Socrates considered the the soul as a set of mental properties of the individual, which is acting in accordance with the understanding of moral ideals. Plato is the founder of the so-called dualism in psychology, according to which the material and the spiritual, physical and mental are treated as two separate and antagonistic beginnings. According to Aristotle, the soul is an essential beginning of the only organic life, and not the material world at all. The soul can not exist without the body, but is not limited to the body. The soul is not divided into parts, but it appears in different abilities - sensory, motor, mental. Formed as a science, modern psychology examines the facts, laws and mechanisms of mental life of humans and animals based on existing scientific data.

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism - Essay Example This work intends to look into the role of women in Hinduism and Judaism. In order to understand what views the religions hold, the work primarily focuses on religious texts rather than contemporary social reality. This is so because what is practiced in the society is often slightly different from what is prescribed. Admittedly, Hinduism and Judaism are much older than many other religions. (Tuyizere 66). A look into the position of women in Hindu religion will provide the researcher with a number of contradicting views because while women enjoy equal status with men in some places, cultures, and texts, they seem to face many restrictions in some other cases. The reason may be that Hinduism is not a single religion, but is a union of various religions possessing considerably different views. Anyway, Vedas and Upanishads are considered as the basic tenets of Hinduism, and hence, the research on any subject in Hinduism should begin there. To begin with, a look into Vedas shows that a daughter is considered inferior to a son. To illustrate, Rig Veda presents the reader with a number of prayers for the birth of sons (Rig Veda I.91.20; III.1.23). These brave and religious sons are considered important because a son is necessary to perform religious rites to the ancestors. Thus, without a son, salvation of ancestors becomes a difficult task (Rig Veda V.85.25). As a result of this position, there is a degree of uneasiness associated with the birth of a girl child (Atharva Veda. VIII. 6. 25). Similarly, a look into Atharva Veda shows various charms and rituals in order to ensure the birth of a son (Atharva Veda VIII.6). Despite these differences, one can find references indicating equal position enjoyed by boys and girls in the Vedic society. For example, Atharva Veda (XI.5.18) shows that girls spent their early years in Brahmacharya ashram

An Introduction to the Supply Chain and the Firm's Position within It Essay

An Introduction to the Supply Chain and the Firm's Position within It - Essay Example Discussion: A Supply Chain may be seen as a series or network of facilities and distribution channels which facilitate the procurement, processing and conversion of raw materials into finished products and their distribution from the place of production to the final customer through a series of distribution stages. The stages are characterized by the distributer at the given stage and the activities that are performed by the distributor to ensure the delivery of the product to the end customer (Wiley 2012). The supply chain usually takes diverse forms. The structure of the firm varies in length, size, shape and the kind of activity involved. Also, a firm may be part of more than one interconnected supply chains, whose final outcome might be differentially diverse (Enporion 2009). Thus the Supply chains may sometimes more appropriately be referred to as Supply networks. For example Kellogg’s the world leading breakfast cereal and snack producer, sources raw materials from diffe rent sources which are functionally as well as geographically diverse. Further, Kellogg’s collaborates with a huge network of distributors like wholesalers, retailers and other outlets like hotels etc to make its product reach to the end customers (The Times 2012). Once the concept of a Supply chain as part of the value chain is established, the concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) comes to the fore. However it is important to understand the concept of logistics first. Logistics is concerned with Flow of materials and information to and from a firm’s boundaries aiding in the production and distribution of its products to the customers. At the same time, supply chain is a network of companies performing these logistical activities together to bring a product or products to the market. Also, a supply chain, apart from the logistical activities, also includes activities like marketing, finance and customer service. Supply Chain management thus is concerned with the co ordinated activities of production, location and inventory among the various participants of a supply chain. The activities are directed such that a mix of responsiveness and efficiency that is best suited to the market is achieved (Wiley 2012). Supply chain management is therefore concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of a supply chain. One of the major objectives of a supply chain is to reduce the logistical costs. Also, it strives to achieve an incentive within the system to remove waste from the processes or activities involved. It is through effective Supply Chain management that a firm can achieve the objective of a giving a better and differentiated value to the end customer. Kellogg’s for instance achieves this value through activities like partnering with supermarkets like Tesco. It follows close relationships with such partners. It has come up with a shelf ready unit at Tesco, which helps gives better choice and visibility to customers. Also, it augurs wel l for the sales both for Tesco as well as for Kellogg’s. In the recent years, Supply Chain Management has assumed an increasingly important role. This is so due the increasing globalization and industrial competition. From the perspective of stakeholders of a supply chain