Philosophy Essay; State of Nature - 1426 Words

Over time history has shown that in order to maintain a functional working society, man needs to adhere to a certain set of laws and rules that act as guidelines for their self-preservation. This theory is defined as a social contract. The philosophers that specialise in this topic are known as social theorists. They argue on what is the most successful social contract theory in order for society to move forwards economically and industrially. The concept of ruling by majority is one that is often discussed between philosophers based on its effectiveness as the basis for forming a government. Other theories that are used to challenge or support this are the influence of democracy and the problems with dictatorship. Ultimately each theory†¦show more content†¦He believed that the ones with the most reasoning, which was of course the philosophers of that time, were the ones that seemed capable enough to dictate a society as they can remain uninfluenced by human prejudices or d esires as well as the sole opinions of others. Rather than acting out of pride, fear or self preservation, these wise philosophers would think of what outcome will prove the most just for their society. Another reflection on the rule of a dictator is that they should be concerned for the good of others. As he lived in a different more chaotic society, Hobbes believed that a dictator should focus on maintaining protection and the ability to exercise self-interest for the people of their society. These are two very valid arguments; however, there are many objections to the rule of a dictator. The structure of power within a dictatorship is very strict and cannot be challenged. One of the main flaws in this system is the problem of succession. If one dictator rules fair and just then that rule can be considered successful, but what if the next dictator is not as for or as just! The chance of power abuse is more likely to occur as the dictators change ruling. Once power is in the hands of a benevolent dictator no one is able to stop them if they begin to abuse it. By them having the ultimate power, you are essentially giving up the power that you have over yourself.Show MoreRelatedValue of Philosophy Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the study of examining and thinking about questionable ethical problems and/or generally accepted certainties. Philosophy aims at knowledge that combines a variety of academic fields as well as convictions, prejudices and beliefs. What is Russell’s essay about? Present Russell’s position in your own words. Bertrand Russell’s essay addresses many issues concerning philosophy. In the writing, he states philosophy’s nature, value, and criticisms. The essay explains these aspects ofRead MoreEmerson And Transcendentalism1009 Words   |  5 Pagesprofoundly influenced by Transcendentalism. Throughout her childhood, the family was quite poor but idealistic. In 1843, Alcott, her three sisters, and her parents joined the transcendentalist uprising commune Fruitlands, which she writes about in her essay Transcendental Wild Oats (1873). Alcott never left her liberal rising behind and, as an adult, she supported the abolition of slavery and womens suffrage. Still living in poverty, she took odd jobs writing, sewing, and teaching to earn money. HerRead More`` Nature `` By Ralph Waldo Emerson920 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Nature† is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and published by James Munroe and Company in 1836. [1] â€Å"Nature† has a total of 41 pages. Th e essay consists of eight parts: Nature, Commodity, Beauty, Language, Discipline, Idealism, Spirit and Prospects. Each part takes a different perspective on the relationship between humans and nature. In this essay, Emerson emphasizes the foundation of transcendentalism, â€Å"a religious and philosophical movement that developed during the late 1820s and 30sRead MoreSelf Reliance Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesin New England, and proposed a revolutionarily new philosophy of life. This new philosophy drew upon old ideas of Romanticism, Unitarianism, and German Idealism. Some of these ideas pertained closely to the values of America at the time. These values included nature, individualism, and reform, and can be noted in the essay â€Å"Self Reliance,† by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In this essay, Emerson states his values and incorporates them into his philosophy of self-reliance. In the past 170 years, some of theRead MoreFrancis Bacon Essay example1282 Words   |  6 Pagespoverty to expand his career as a British politician entrepreneur and wrote prominent essays on humanism and innovative scientific philosophy. Most notably known as â€Å"the father of the English essay,† (McDougal 455) Bacon’s influential works were vastly impacted by the tenets of the Renaissance period. Even Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of our nation, credited being influenced by Bacon’s essays (McDougal 455). One of the core ideologies determined by his works is humanism which depictsRead MoreAnalysis Of William James829 Words   |  4 PagesPragmatism and philosophy related to such. He led a philosophical revolution in the USA and would make the philosophy known as  ¨Pragmatism very well known. In his book  ¨The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, William explains different philosophical beliefs while also challenging t hem and supporting the right to believe in a religion or even life itself. William James style of writing is more Expository mainly due to his explanation of different philosophies/religions but showingRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagestheories about the world, nature, and human beings in general, and every philosopher wrote many essays and books about their own personal ideas and opinions (Sartre4). David Hume was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 7, 1711. Educated at home and then at the University of Edinburgh; here he studies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked aboutRead MoreKarl Marx And Robert B. Reich And Their View On Economics1584 Words   |  7 Pagesstrata of official society being sprung into the air.† (Page 222). Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto. This is a really important essay. It has three sections in the book that I read it from. Robert B. Reich wrote Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer. This was widely discussed and still is. That is how important this essay it to people. These two essays are about economics. They may not agree on things, but they are both respected and discussed in many colleges. According to AijazRead MoreEssay on Humanity956 Words   |  4 PagesThis is an essay discussing human love, corruption, evil and hatred, and its relation to human nature. This is my philosophy; it is the product of what I have learned from other people and through observation of the worl d around me.The key ideas I will be supporting in the following paragraphs is that it is human nature to want to give and receive love; and a nature that must be exploited the fullest in order to rectify the current state of the world. Evil, competition, hatred and the human capabilitiesRead MoreThe Transcendentalist Movement Of Ralph Waldo Emerson1609 Words   |  7 Pagesdisseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841

Cytochrome Dna Essay - 1375 Words

Mammals were that distinct group of species for whom DNA barcoding was proved to be successful first time and mostly human hair was used to test mammal primers[8, 53].The essential usage of DNA barcoding ranges from the evaluation of the central web for morphologically mysterious species including carnivores, in order to capture misidentified individuals using hair, skin, feathers and furthermore to reconsider critical descriptors in regards to food web framework[54-57]. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 is particularly acknowledge as a standardized specie level barcoding region in animals [58]. Mitochondrial genes are favored over nuclear genes in case of mammals because mitochondrial genes don’t have introns; they are†¦show more content†¦DNA barcoding gives an operational system to mammalian taxonomic identification and cryptic species disclosure. Focused efforts to manufacture a reference library of hereditary information has brought about the assembly of more than 35 K mammalian cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences and laid out the extent of mammal related barcoding projects[68]. 5500 more extant mammalian species are currently recognized, and it will be impossible to achieve ambitious goal without active involvement of many institutions and experts worldwide. Therefore the campaign seeks to assemble a broad global coalition of leading researchers, museums, and other institutions with interest in mammal taxonomy and biodiversity (http://www.mammaliabol.org/) . DNA Barcoding in insects and birds Because of expanding universal business and financial advancement, the annihilation rates and the introduction of invasive and pests species are expanding[4], so National and International client population is demanding faster species distinguishing proof and more data about their biodiversity. 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There are a number of possible explanations for this fact and this essay will demonstrate that the main causes lie in the biological differences between men and women. In addition life style choices and environmental factors play their parts and not surprisingly, given the complexity of the human body, some factors remainRead MoreThe Goals For The Millennium Development Goals Essay1969 Words   |  8 Pagespyrazinamide and ethambutol for initial regimens; and capreomycin, viomycin or cycloserine in recent years. There were some drugs were used for indication including rifamycins, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. However, no something is perfect so this essay will give some evidences to provide supports for statement: â€Å"the problems with reducing influence of tuberculosis from view of infection treatment with antimicrobial agents† including: the time duration and complexity level of treatment, side eff ects

Disneyland Resort Paris Free Essays

Disneyland Resort Paris: a development after understanding local cultures The case Disneyland Resort Paris: Mickey Goes to Europe introduced readers to the development of Disneyland Paris during fifteen years. Even though Disneyland Paris had a terrible start in 1994, it had a great improvement and bright future in 2007. The reason for its failure and success is the same: culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Disneyland Resort Paris or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forgetting to respect local culture caused Disneyland to lose market and revenue in Paris, while adjusting its operations with culture issues put Disneyland Paris in a successful position. The success of Disneyland in America As a cartoon company which was founded in 1923, Walt Disney Company started its business in America. During the period to develop its business to Americans, Disney created its core values such as innovation, fun and magic. Disney movies which evoked these values are welcomed by audiences and make the company the world leader in animation (Martha, 2011). For the same reason, Disneyland theme park, a resort to make â€Å"magic† real and tangible, also had big success in America. The universal strategy of Disney Company is to use Disneyland resorts to connect the real world and the magic world. First, the company shows audiences a wonderful and magic world in its animated movie. Second, with the popularity of the movie, the animated world reappears in Disneyland resorts by those famous characters and sidewalks (Martha, 2011). All these factors can provide guests with comfortable experiences of magic and fun that helping them to forget worries in the real life. To adopt above strategy in operation, Disney cares about both the internal and external management. For internal management, Disney offers its employees excellent treatments which create a high employee loyalty to the company. For the external management, Disneyland cares about details in its management and confirms that it transfers core values to its customers through quality services. In this way, Disney received high customer satisfaction and won great success in America. Both the core values and operation strategy are universal about Disney. Factors such as fun, magic and innovation can capture positive emotions of human beings and make them be touched. Then Disney uses its high quality services to transfer these emotions to guests in the theme park and drive them to become loyal customers. This is the reason Disneyland did great job in California and Tokyo. However, Disney faced failures in Paris at the beginning of the resort opening. The Reason of Failure in Paris The reason of failure in Paris is forgetting to consider the effects of culture different. Disney is not an aggressive company that explores new market blindly. It aware the risk of operating a theme park out of America and thinks carefully about how to spend money and transfer core values to guests in Tokyo. Tokyo Disneyland is the most profitable Disneyland in the world. The park in Tokyo completely copied the business model of the American one. However, due to the success case in Tokyo, the company forgot to consider about cultural differences and lost its market in Europe. What the company states is the strategy works in Tokyo will also works in Europe. However, Disney forgot to consider two kinds of culture differences, the difference between culture in Europe and Japan and the difference between culture in America and Europe. The former difference means even though America model worked in Japan, the same model may not success in Europe. For example, customers in Japan like their park have â€Å"the real thing† (Martha, 2011) not means customer in Europe will also welcome it. For the similar reason, a mode works well in America may not also works well in Europe. For example, the wine issue put Disneyland in Paris in a negative position and brought it infamous effects. An Effective Improvement to Make the Resort to Survive in Europe Disneyland in Paris had five approaches to improve its business: * Change the name of the park from â€Å"Euro Disney† to â€Å"Disneyland Paris†. This approach weakened the image of park in Europe and strengthened the image of a theme park in Paris . As a result, the effects of culture differences will have lower power to stop guests feel Disney’s core value. * Reduce cost to increase net income under a condition of lower revenue of Disneyland Paris. The culture in Europe restricts the ability of Disney to absorb money form customers. Since it’s hard to change the culture in Europe, a better choice is to adjust financial approach to reduce the lose caused by culture. Redesign services to attract more customers. Disney studio park and Val d’ Europe are two examples of services which capture more customers. The former one tries its best to include European elements in it. The approach provides guests something they were familiar with and attract more tourist to visit the Disneyland park. The latter one created a center to draw customers’ attention and affected their travelling preferences. Both of the se two buildings were near Disneyland Paris and work as a transportation to connect the European culture and â€Å"Disney culture†. Buildings with familiar elements will make guests feel comfortable and reduce their unfriendly feelings to Disneyland Park. Therefore the park will get a chance to cross the cultural boundary and bring its customers excellent experiences. * Improve services to bring visitors back. In addition to existing services, Disneyland is doing kinds of improvements to satisfy customers and making them find new attractions in the park. This approach will increase the customer loyalty and get them back to the park. In my opinion, Disneyland Paris did right process to resolve its crisis. At one side, Disney didn’t give up its core values. At the other side, the park improved its operation and management to create an environment which can comfort European visitors and expend businesses. Disneyland Paris indentified its main problem, cultural blunder, clearly and reacted to it quickly. Take the Walt Disney studios park as an example, this approach adopted the MBI model perfectly. * Mapping: Notice the culture differences between America and Europe. * Bridge: In â€Å"prepare stage†, Disneyland Paris already understood its customers and plan to use the studio to make it understood by customers. In â€Å"decenter stage†, Disney Company evolved European elements in its products since the empathy made it to offer customers services they like. In â€Å"recenter stage†, an example of inviting European designer to design stunt show expresses its high emotion of establish a common reality (Martha, 2011). * Integrate: the opinion of Peter McGrath (Martha, 2011) illustrates the studio park has high awareness of handle cultural differences and face new cultural challenges. Disneyland Paris also adopted MBI model to its other services and the park generated customer loyalty successfully. The company reprogrammed and reopened existing star attractions to bring visitors back and also draw attention of new customers. The high benefits Disney Paris offering to its employees creates a positive internal company culture and helps employees to provide visitors with high quality services. The high quality services with innovation transferred core values of Disneyland to its customers. For example, the â€Å"summer camps† service, which launched in 2003, brought low cost and high return to the company and at the same time welcomed by customers. A balance of local culture and America Style I will advise Disneyland Paris to adapt the park in a balance of local culture and American style. Completely copying American model is proved to be a failure case therefore moving Disneyland Paris to this mode is just putting the company in the wrong track of development. A total local cultural mode will cause the park lose its characteristics. If Disneyland doesn’t have any Disney features, why customers prefer Disneyland rather than its competitors? At one side, features like Disney characters and buildings differentiate Disneyland from other theme parks. At the other side, the company needs to design and organize services in a more local way to guarantee that its core values can be transferred and accepted by visitors. To connect Disneyland with local events will be a good choice. For example, Paris will hold music festival every July. Sending band which consisted with Disney characters to play music on the festival can remind people the existence of the park and attract them to visit it. In 2009, German visitors are just 3% of whole visitors (Maznevski, 2009). Therefore to increase German visitors can extend visitors and boost revenue. When Oktoberfest festival is held in German, Disneyland Paris can also hold beer festival in the park to make Germany feel happy and glad to visit the park as well as spend money. Bibliography Harry w. Lane, Martha l. Maznevski, Joseph J. DiStefana, Joerg Dietz. (2011). International Management Behavior. Chippenham, Great Britain: CPI Abtone Rowe. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2009, 06 25). Disneyland Paris – ANNO 2009. Lausanne, Switzerland. Karsten Jonsen, Martha Maznevski. (2011). Disneyland Resort Paris: Mickey Goes to Europe. In M. l. Harry w. Lane, International Management Behavior (p. 137). Chippenham: CPI Antony Rowe. How to cite Disneyland Resort Paris, Essay examples

The Relevant Principles and Provisions in Relation of AASB Sample

Questions: a) Outline how Companies are required to Account for Revenue under the New AASB 15.b) Explain why the IASB has Issued AASB 15 in place of the Existing Revenue Standards. c) Report the Possible Impacts that the New Recognition Criteria will have on your Chosen Company's Current Operations and Financial Statements. d) Evaluate the Flexibility Management has available in the Accounting Choices related to Revenue Recognition under the New Standards. Answers: Introduction With the IASB paving way for the amendment in the revenue recognition with IFRS 15, the AASB followed suit with the release of AASB 15. It is expected that the implementation of AASB 15 would have significant implications for businesses not but for financial systems but also the operating mechanism as well. In this backdrop, the objective of this report is to analyse the relevant clauses of AASB 15, the need for introducing the same and the impact of this new accounting standard on Qantas which is the leading airline company of Australia. Discussion The revenue recognition from contracts in AASB 15 is essentially a five step process as indicated below (Deloitte, 2016). Further, AASB 15 also provides detailed principles guidelines with regards to the above steps. For instance, with regards to recognition of contract, AASB 15 (para.9) advocates that recognition of contract takes place when each of the five conditions mentioned below are met (AASB, 2015). The contracting parties have provided their approval for the contract and want to fulfil the respective contractual obligations. It is possible for the entity to identify the right of each party with regards to the transfer of goods and services. It is possible for the entity to identify the terms of payment for the transfer of goods and services, The contract must have commercial nature It is fair to conclude that the concerned entity would be able to gain some consideration on the basis of the transfer of goods and services. With regards to the identification of obligations regarding performance, it is necessary that when the contract is executed, there is identification of the performance obligations with regards to the goods and services transfer which relate to either distinct goods and services or those which are distinct but may be considered to be similar and therefore would be driven by similar obligations in relation to performance (para. 22). Besides, the transaction price has been defined as the consideration amount which a goods and services provider expects to recover to the transferee on account of the exchange done in relation to good and services promised to the other party or the customer (para. 47). When the concerned entity manages to fulfil the performance obligation mutually decided at the time of the contract by ensuring service or goods transfer, then the relevant revenue arising from the same may be recognised (para. 31). Further, the transfer of goods or service is assumed to have happened when the customers gain control over the given asset (i.e. product or service) (AASB, 2015). 2.The various reasons for which IASB issued a new standard for revenue replaced the older ones are highlighted below (IFRS, 2014). Glaring inconsistency and loopholes in the existing revenue standards - The previous revenue standards offered limited guidance on a number of subjects which led to proliferation in the practices surrounding revenue recognition. Also, the limited guidance that indeed was provided was of little help to deal with the complex nature of transactions occurring in reporting entities. In order to supplement the limited guidance, the reporting entities started the application of US GAAP in a selective manner. However, under US GAAP the concepts related to revenue recognition were broad which when combined with specific requirements pertaining to the industry and transactions. The net result of this practice was that similar transactions had very different accounting treatment. Also, as new transactions emerged, the existence regulations and standards in this regard were find to be grossly insufficient. Inadequate disclosure requirements The existing standards and regulations in regards to revenue recognition led to information disclosures which were found to be wanting by the investors with regards to understanding the revenue of the company. In this regard, a particularly disturbing trend was there was no relation established between the revenue recognition and the relationship with financial statements. Thus, the isolated nature ofrevenue stating coupled with limited disclosures regarding management assumptions made the existing practices irrelevant. The IFRS 15 and consequently AASB 15 tend to address the above issues and leads to the following advantages (PwC, 2014). There would be improvement in comparability in customer revenue as there would be standardisation of recognition of revenues and costs from contracts. This would reduce the need and utility for interpretative guidance as the same would no more be required because of reduced ambiguity. There would be a drastic improvement in the overall disclosures and thus lead to prudent decision making by investors. 3.With regards to an airline company such as Qantas, AASB 15 would have significant implications. The focus areas in this regard are listed below (EY, 2015). Accounting of loyalty programs In accordance with AASB 15, the various loyalty programs would be treated as specific goods and services for which payment is extracted from the customers and the underlying consideration should be recognised as revenues as and when the performance obligations are fulfilled. This would lead to the revenue recognition from such programs being deferred into the future and thus would adversely impact revenue. The exact extent of impact for the company needs to be reviewed through an impact assessment. Interline Transactions Qantas has core sharing agreements with various operators and revenue recognition arising from these would change. Currently, the revenue collected from customer is realised only on a net basis after deducting the revenue portion of the other airline (Qantas, 2016). However, with the implementation of AASB 15, the company would need to recognise the complete amount taken from the customer as revenue. The amount paid to the other airline would be regarded as a cost and hence presentation in the income statement would undergo a change. Ancillary Services Currently, the revenue collected from the ancillary services is separate from the ticket revenue. Under the new standard, it would be imperative for the company to recognise every given ancillary service as different from each other. Further, performance obligation would need to be identified for each of these services and hence revenue recognition would be done only with the realisation of these obligations irrespective of whether the company is providing these services for charge or free. Hence, there would be a marked change in the revenue pattern for the company. Breakage revenue from passenger ticket The revenue from unused tickets would now be recognised after considering the rights that been unexercised and hence the proportion of revenue realised would be impacted. Hence, for companies which follow the redemption method the impact would be minimal but for companies like Qantas which follow the expiration method, the impact would be significant (Qantas, 2016). 4.One of the key features of the AASB 15 is the flexibility available to management in applying the discretion so as to enable complete and accurate recognition of revenue. This discretion would be required considering the vast ambit of complex transactions that the AASB 15 aims to apply to. Due to the differing nature of the industries, underlying business models, scale of operation, there would be subtle differences with regards to the practices followed and while ensuring comparability and greater disclosure, it ought to provide the requisite flexibility as a narrow interpretation of the clauses and their implementation would be severely curtailing and defeat the original purpose at hand. However, there needs to be regulatory mechanism put in place so as to ensure that this flexibility is not abused by the management to serve various ulterior motives (KPMG, 2015). Conclusion It is fair to conclude that AASB 15 provides a elaborate set of principles in relation to revenue recognition arising from contractual relationship. However, it provides the requisite flexibility which is required to implement the same while ensuring greater comparability and disclosure. Going forward the implications of AASB 15 would be profound in terms of accounting treatment of loyalty programs, ancillary services, interline transactions and breakage revenues from ticket. The company needs to carry out a thorough impact assessment in order to understand the same. References AASB 2015, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Australian Accounting Standards Board, [Online] Available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB15_12-14_COMPoct15_01-18.pdf [Accessed April 2, 2017] Deloitte 2016, AASB 2015:Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Deloitte Website, [Online] Available athttps://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/audit/deloitte-au-aasb-navigator-191216.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] EY 2014, The new revenue recognition standard airlines, EY Website, [Online] Available atwww.ey.com/...airlines.../technicalline_bb2817_revenuerecognition_airlines_28augus[Accessed April 2, 2017] IFRS 2014, IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, International Financial Reporting Standards, [Online] Available athttps://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Revenue-Recognition/Documents/IFRS-15/Revenue-from-Contracts-Project-summary-Feedback-Statement-May-2014.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] KPMG 2015, Implementing the new revenue recognition standard AASB 15, KPMG Website, [Online] Available athttps://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/09/implementing-revenue-standard-aasb15-15-sep-2015.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] PwC 2014, New revenue rules Is your business impacted?,PwC Website, [Online] Available athttps://www.pwc.com.au/assurance/ifrs/assets/new-revenue-rules-may14.pdf[Accessed April 2, 2017] Qantas 2016, Annual Report 2016, Qantas Website, [Online] Available at https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed April 2, 2017]

Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Example For Students

Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Essay Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers Abstract. Current popular attack in the research and development of the acoustic soaking up panel is to replace man-made fibres that may be risky to wellness and environment with natural fibres that are inexpensive and has no inauspicious impact on wellness and the environment. The purpose of this research is to look into the sound soaking up coefficient of three different local natural cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff. Local fibres on its ain or combined were assorted with phenol methanal rosin. Compacted unit of ammunition shaped samples of 100 millimeters and 28 millimeters O with 12 millimeters thickness at 600 kg/cm3of denseness were produced before tested for sound soaking up coefficient by utilizing the electric resistance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001 criterion demands. The consequences obtained indicate that oil thenar empty fruit clump ( OPEFB ) , coir and rice chaff gave better soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile combination of rice chaff: sugar cane bagasse, rice straw: OPEFB and maize hazelnut: coir at certain mix ratios improved the soaking up coefficient of sugar cane bagasse, rice straw and maize hazelnut when being assorted together. This suggests a potency of using local natural cellulose fibres as sustainable and environmentally friendly acoustic soaking up panel. We will write a custom essay on Sustainable Acoustic Absorption Panel Utilizing Local Natural Cellulose Fibers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Keywords:Local natural cellulose fibres, maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, rice chaff, acoustic soaking up panel Introduction Presents, the construct of green and sustainable engineering has become the major high spot in assorted Fieldss in the industry. For acoustic soaking up panel, the usage of traditional stuffs such as man-made fibres becomes a major concern to the society due to its harmful effects on human wellness. Researchers invariably review alternate stuffs which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly as replacements to bing natural stuffs. As consequences, there have been legion research attempts made by research workers to use natural cellulose fibres to develop constructing constituents such as acoustic panel which less inauspicious impact to the environment and human wellness. Natural fibres has a batch of advantages compared to the man-made fibres such as renewable, non-abrasive, cheaper, copiousness and less wellness and safety concern during managing and treating due to its really low toxicity ( Razak et al. ( 1988 ) ; D’Alessandro and Pispola ( 2005 ) ; Zulkifli et Al. ( 2009 ) ) . Previous local researches have suggested some natural cellulose fibres which have high potency to be applied as alternate stuffs of sound absorbing stuffs. Rice straw was reported suited for acoustic panel because of its good acoustic public presentation. Abdullah et Al. ( 2013 ) investigated dried rice straw assorted with methylcellulose as binder and found that rice straw absorber has comparable public presentation compared to the commercial glass wool absorber as it recorded good acoustic public presentation above 1500 kilohertz with mean absorption coefficient of 0.8. Putra et Al. ( 2012 ) studied on the acoustic belongingss of sugar cane waste fibres and found that the fibre produced good acoustic public presentation and was comparable against the classical man-made absorbers as it recorded mean soaking up coefficient of 0.65 at 1200 4500Hz. Furthermore, Mahzan et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the potency of rice chaff reinforced composite as sound absorber. The consequence demonst rated that rice chaff was superior to rubber atoms and wood shaved, as it recorded highest soaking up coefficient of 0.89 at 250Hz. Fouladi et Al. ( 2013 ) found that coir and maize fibre has immense potency to be used as sound absorber as it recorded better soaking up coefficient against rug, plyboard and curtain. The focal point point of this research is to analyze the sound soaking up coefficient of six different cellulose fibres ; maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff whether on its ain or in combination with the same thicknesses and denseness of 12 millimeters and 600 kg/cm3severally ( see Table 2 ) . Possibly, findings from this research, would give another position and thought to use local natural cellulose fibres as natural stuff for sustainable acoustic soaking up panel. Methodology a ) Materials Corn Cob – a byproduct from the nucleus portion of the maize to which the grains are attached. Corn Cobs used in this research were obtained around Klang Valley. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) a byproduct generated from the palm oil industry. OPEFB was obtained from palm oil mill located in Sepang, Selangor. Rice Straw a byproduct of agricultural activity and identified as an agricultural waste merchandise which rarely being disposed by firing. Rice straw was obtained from paddy field in Machang, Kelantan. Coir – a by-productfrom thehuskof thecoconut,which is between the difficult inner shell and the outer coat. Coir was obtained from Batu Pahat, Johor. Rice Husk – a byproduct from the outermost bed of Paddy grain that is separated from the rice grains during the milling procedure. Rice chaffs were obtained at BERNAS rice factory at Tiram Jaya, Tanjong Karang Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) – a byproduct that remains aftersugarcanestalks are crushed to pull out their juice, SCB used in this research was obtained around Klang Valley. Phenol methanal rosin ( PL-60M ) acts as adhesives to adhere the stuffs and supply lastingness under heat, high humidness, and outside exposure conditions. PL-60M was supplied by Malayan Adhesives and Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. Table 1: Chemical composing of stuffs .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postImageUrl , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:visited , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active { border:0!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:active , .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd7bc4527ddc9a265759e15021f40e8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night - various plots and how they are int Essay Chemical Components Material/Dry Solid ( % ) ( a )Rice Straw ( B )OPEFB ( degree Celsius )Corn Cob ( vitamin D )Coir ( vitamin E )Rice Husk ( degree Fahrenheit )SCB Cellulose 33.4 51.28 41.27 68.9 28.6 35.2 Hemicellulose 28.2 28.18 46.00 16.8 28.6 25.5 Lignin 7.4 15.17 7.40 32.1 24.4 22.2 ( a ) Heet Al. ( 2008 ) ( B ) Ariffin et Al. ( 2008 ) ( degree Celsius ) Satimanont et Al. ( 2012 ) ( vitamin D )Asasutjarit et Al. ( 2007 )( vitamin E ) Di Blasiet Al. ( 1999 )( degree Fahrenheit )Rezendeet Al. ( 2011 ) B ) Samples readying and proving The natural stuffs of maize hazelnut, oil thenar empty fruit clump, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse and rice chaff were dried out and oppress. Then dried fibres were assorted and blended with phenol methanals rosin ( PL-60M ) in conformity to blend design composing ( see Table 2 ) and compressed utilizing cold imperativeness and hot imperativeness method to organize solid and strong acoustic soaking up panel. The force per unit area of cold pressure procedure was set at 10 Psi. Meanwhile, for hot pressure procedure, the panels were pressed at 170Â °C at four different force per unit areas ; 80 kg/cm3, 50 kg/cm3, 20 kg/cm3and 20 kg/cm3severally. To bring forth unit of ammunition shaped samples, cutting procedure was done by utilizing the air compaction cutter with two different diameters in conformity to impedance tube diameter of 100 and 28 millimeters for low and high frequence measurings, severally. The sound soaking up coefficient of the samples was measured utilizing electric res istance tubing method in conformity with BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001. The frequence ranges for proving were 250 – 4000 Hz. Table 2: Mix design composing Material Sample Ratio ( % ) Density ( kg/cm3) Resin Corn Cob AP1 100 600 PL-60M Coir AP2 100 600 PL-60M Rice Straw AP3 100 600 PL-60M Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch ( OPEFB ) AP4 100 600 PL-60M Rice Husk AP5 100 600 PL-60M Sugarcane Bagasse ( SCB ) AP6 100 600 PL-60M Corn Cob: Coir AP7 50:50 600 PL-60M AP8 70:30 600 PL-60M AP9 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Straw: OPEFB AP10 50:50 600 PL-60M AP11 70:30 600 PL-60M AP12 30:70 600 PL-60M Rice Husk: SCB AP13 50:50 600 PL-60M AP14 70:30 600 PL-60M AP15 30:70 600 PL-60M Figure 1: ( a ) Cold pressing procedure ( B ) Hot pressing procedure ( degree Celsius ) Cutting Procedure ( vitamin D ) Impedance tubing trial Result and Discussion The acoustic soaking up coefficient for the natural cellulose fibres on its ain are stipulated in the Figure 2 ( a ) . Most of the samples absorbed more sound at higher scope of frequence except for sample AP1 and AP3 which decreased bit by bit at higher frequence ranges ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Sample AP4 and AP5 recorded the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower frequence ranges ( 250-1000 Hz ) and higher frequence scope ( 2000-4000 Hz ) . Meanwhile, sample AP6 attained the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower frequence scope and sample AP1 at higher frequence scope. Figure 2 ( B ) shows the soaking up coefficient of assorted natural cellulose fibres at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios. Samples AP7, AP10, AP12, AP13, AP14 and AP 15 showed maximal soaking up capacity at higher frequence scope. Meanwhile, samples AP8, AP9, AP11 decreased bit by bit after go throughing 2000 Hz. Sample AP14 attained the highest soaking up coefficient at both lower and higher frequence ranges. On the other manus, sample AP9 showed the lowest soaking up coefficient values at lower and higher frequence scope. Blending the natural cellulose fibres together at 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 ratios give both positive and negative effects on its sound soaking up capacity. For case, figure 2 ( degree Celsius ) illustrates that, when maize hazelnut and coir were being assorted together at 50:50 and 70:30 of ratios it gives better sound soaking up capacity than maize hazelnut on its ain as it recorded higher soaking up coefficient of 0.19 at 4000 Hz for sample AP7 and 0.16 at 2000 Hz for sample AP8. At 30:70 ratio, there was no betterment on the soaking up capacity of the sample ( sample AP9 ) as it recorded lower soaking up coefficient at all frequence scope than maize hazelnut ( sample AP1 ) and coir ( sample AP2 ) on its ain. Coir on its ain ( sample AP2 ) possessed the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others. Meanwhile, for rice straw and OPEFB, 30:70 ( sample AP12 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP10 ) mix ratios gives better soaking up coefficient values than rice straw on its ain ( sample AP3 ) as it recorded satisfactory soaking up coefficient values of 0.34 and 0.29 at 4000 Hz severally. Rice straw and OPEFB at 70:30 ratio ( sample 11 ) gives inauspicious consequence on its soaking up capacity as it recorded the lowest soaking up coefficient than the other samples. On the other manus, OPEFB on its ain ( sample AP4 ) recorded the highest soaking up coefficient value than the others as shows in figure 2 ( vitamin D ) . Mixed rice chaff and sugar cane bagasse at 70:30 and 50:50 of mix ratio besides improved the soaking up capacity when compared to sugarcane bagasse on its ain. At 70:30 ( sample AP14 ) and 50:50 ( sample AP13 ) mix ratios, optimal soaking up coefficient of 0.38 and 0.28 both at 4000 Hz were recorded as sugar cane bagasse on its ain ( sample AP6 ) merely recorded 0.17 of optimal soaking up coefficient at 4000 Hz. Rice Husk: sugar cane bagasse at 30:70 of mix ratio ( sample AP15 ) attained the lowest soaking up coefficient as it recorded merely 0.13 of soaking up coefficient value ( see figure 2 ( vitamin E ) ) . Based on analytical observation of obtained consequences, most of the samples recorded lower and unsatisfactory soaking up coefficient except samples made from OPEFB and rice chaff. This may be due to its less porous feature and thicker fibre size, which affect it absorption coefficient. Seddeq ( 2009 ) suggested that porousness and fiber size dramas an of import function in sound soaking up of hempen stuff as porous stuff and thin fibre size addition sound soaking up which allows more moving ridges to go through through them. Apart from that, the soaking up of the natural cellulose fibres can be improved by increasing the thickness of the natural fiber bed which will increase soaking up at lower frequences. Furthermore, the soaking up belongingss of natural fibres can besides be increased by increasing the majority denseness of the stuff. Natural fibres seem to supply better soaking up belongingss because of increased majority denseness due to excess matrix stuff ( Al Rahman et al. , 2013 ) . .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postImageUrl , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:visited , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active { border:0!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:active , .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5 .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f2f26ed952d18a91358956667abb1d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayTable 2: Absorption coefficients of natural cellulose fibres Sample Frequency ( Hz ) /Absorption coefficient 250 500 1000 2000 4000 AP1 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.06 AP2 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.21 0.23 AP3 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.27 0.18 AP4 0.09 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.63 AP5 0.08 0.09 0.39 0.5 0.54 AP6 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.1 0.17 AP7 0.07 0.1 0.17 0.18 0.19 AP8 0.03 0.04 0.1 0.16 0.06 AP9 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.04 AP10 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.29 AP11 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.07 AP12 0.07 0.12 0.25 0.28 0.34 AP13 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.2 0.28 AP14 0.11 0.12 0.31 0.38 0.38 AP15 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 Decision Several local natural cellulose fibres were utilized as acoustic soaking up panel in this survey. The consequences illustrated that these local cellulose fibres has relevant acoustic soaking up and would be a feasible replacement for industrial merchandises. These new findings hopefully would give another position to the development of sustainable acoustic soaking up panel which is more environmental friendly. Recognition The writers would wish to thank Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Oceancash Felts Sdn Bhd for their proficient support and Universiti Teknologi MARA ( UiTM ) Research Acculturation Grant Scheme 600-RMI/RAGS 5/3 ( 32/2012 ) for patronizing this research. Mentions Abdullah Y. , Putra A. , Efendy H. , Farid W. M. and Ayob M. R. Investigation On Sound Absorption Coefficient Of Natural Paddy Fibers International Journal Of Renewable Energy Resources 3 ( 2013 ) 8-11 Al Rahman L.A, Raja R.I. and Rahman A.R. Experimental Study On Natural Fibers For Green Acoustic Absorption Materials American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 ( 10 ) : 1307-1314, 2013 ISSN: 1546-9239 Ariffin, H. , Hassan, M. A. , Umi Kalsom, M. S. , Abdullah, N. , Ghazali, F. M. , A ; Shirai, Y. ( 2008 ) . Production of bacterial endoglucanase from oil thenar empty fruit clump by Bacillus Pumilus EB3. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,3, 231-2236. Asasutjarit, C. , Hirunlabh, J. , Khedari, J. , Charoenvai, S. , Zeghmati, B. , and Shin, U. C. Development of coconut coir-based lightweight cement board. Construction and Building Materials ( 2007 ) , 21 ( 2 ) , 277-288 BS EN ISO 10534-2:2001, 2001, Acoustics Determination of sound soaking up coefficient and electric resistance in electric resistance tubings – Part 2, Transfer-function method. D’Alessandro, F. and Pispola G. 2005. Sound soaking up belongingss of sustainable hempen stuffs in an enhanced echo room. Paper presented in The 2005 Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 07-10 August. Di Blasi, C. , Buonanno, F. and Branca, C. 1999. Responsivenesss of some biomass chars in air. Carbon. 37 ( 8 ) , 1227-1238. Fouladi, M.H. , Nassir, M.H. , Ghassem, M. , Shamel, M. , Yeng Peng, S. , Yi Wen, S. , Zong Xin, P. and Mohd Nor, M.J. Utilizing Malaysian Natural Fibers as Sound Absorber. In, Modeling and Measurement Methods for Acoustic Waves and for Acoustic Microdevices. InTech, ISBN: 978-953-51-1189-4, pp.161-170, 2013. He Y. , Pang Y, Liu Y, Li X. and Wang K. Physicochemical Characterization of Rice Straw Pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide in the Solid State for Enhancing Biogas Production Energy A ; Fuels 2008, 22, 2775–2781 Mahzan S, Ahmad Zaidi A.M. , Ghazali M.I. , Yahya M.N. and. Ismail M. Investigation on sound soaking up of rice-husk reinforced composite.In: Proceedings of MUCEET2009 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology, 20-22 June 2009, MS Garden, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Putra A. , Abdullah Y. , Efendy H. , Farid W.M. , Ayob M.R. and Py M.S. Using Sugarcane Wasted Fibers as a Sustainable Acoustic Absorber Procedia Engineering vol. 53 p. 632-638 Razak A. , M.A. , Khoo, K.C. , and Khozirah, S. 1988. Prospects and Potential Of The Oil Palm Trunk as a Beginning Of Lignocellulosic Raw Material, The Malayan Forester, Vol 51 ( 3 ) :164-175. Rezende et Al. Chemical And Morphological Characterization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Submitted To A Delignification Process For Enhanced Enzymatic Digestibility Biotechnology for Biofuels 2011,4:54 Sassine Y.N. , Ghora Y. , Kharrat M. , Bohme M. and Abdel-Mawgoud A.M.R. Waste Paper as an Alternative for Casing Soil in Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) Production’ Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1 ( 3 ) : 277-284, 2005 Seddeq H.S. Factors Influencing Acoustic Performance of Sound Absorptive Materials Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3 ( 4 ) : 4610-4617, 2009 ISSN 1991-8178 Zulkifli, R. , Mohd Nor, M.J. , Ismail, A.R. , Nuawi, M.Z. , Abdullah, S. , Mat Tahir, M.F. , Ab Rahman, M.N. Comparison belongingss between coir fiber and oil thenar fiber. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009. Vol. 33, No 1, pp 144-152. Figure 2 ( a ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 100 % mix ratio Figure 2 ( B ):Absorption Coefficient of cellulose fiber for 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratio Figure 2 ( degree Celsius ):Absorption Coefficient of maize hazelnut and coir for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin D ):Absorption Coefficient of rice straw and OPEFBfor 100,50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios Figure 2 ( vitamin E ):Absorption Coefficient of rice chaff A ; sugarcane bagasse for 100, 50:50, 70:30 and 30:70 mix ratios

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African Americans in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

African Americans in the U.S. Essay African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Old Testament Vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention :: essays research papers

Old Testament vs. Hellenic Divine Intervention The Old Testament and Hellenic texts we have studied have numerous examples of divine intervention. The range and complexity in human affairs that these interventions occur have similar, yet different attributes. Both texts describe divine intervention as a way of explaining "why things happen(ed) and being "chosen" by God or gods to fulfill a destiny. Both also see divine intervention as something that can not be understood by humans; God or the gods have their reasons why people are "chosen" and why certain gifts, events, and catastrophes happen and we will never understand the reasoning. Differences in the texts stem from the reasons they are the same; why certain people are chosen, why events happen, etc. The range and complexity in human affairs of divine intervention as described in the Hellenic texts and the Old Testament are similar because of the interference in human affairs, yet they are different because of why certain people are chosen to fulfill a destiny. For instance, in the Old Testament, God chooses Noah and his family to be the only survivors after the flood that wipes out the earth. His destiny was to build the ark and take a pair of every living creature to help repopulate the earth after everything is wiped out. This is similar to Oedipus at Colonus, in the Hellenic texts, because the gods choose Oedipus to save the city of Colonus from his own sons. They differ because God, in the Old Testament, chooses rather blindly. He does not choose people for any reason except that is who He wanted. If He does choose, it is based on goodness or loyalty to Him. The gods of Hellenic texts, like in Oedipus at Colonus, the gods choose Oedipus because of his wisdom and his family line. The Hellenic texts choose based on prestige, family, and honor. Another example of this is the story "Joseph" in the Old Testament. Joseph was chosen to be a powerful ruler in Egypt for no reason whatsoever, just because God wanted him to be. In The Illiad, this would never happen, Achilles is chosen to defeat Hector because of his prestige, honor, and family line. Achilles is not chosen because Zeus just wanted him to. Not just anybody could have killed Hector, it had to be someone famous. In the Old Testament, divine intervention, especially in "Genesis," plays a very important part. For example, in "The Creation of the Universe," God wills everything into being. "God said, ‘Let there be light,'" (Genesis 1:5) "Then God said, ‘Let the earth produce growing things,'" (Genesis 1:11)

Divirgent’s World Essay

In a futuristic, dystopian Chicago, society is organized into five factions. Each faction places value solely on a specific virtue, which its members work to cultivate throughout their lives. There is Abnegation, which values selflessness, Amity, which values peace, Erudite, which values knowledge, Candor, which values honesty, and Dauntless, which values bravery. Children are raised in their parents’ faction, and once they turn sixteen, they have the option to choose for themselves which faction will be theirs for the rest of their lives, whether it’s the one they grew up in or not. Beatrice Prior is a sixteen-year-old member of Abnegation. She and her brother Caleb, who is not quite a year her elder, take the aptitude test that will tell them which faction they are most suitable for. The test consists of a simulation of a confrontation with a vicious dog. Beatrice shows aptitude for three different factions, Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless, and this means she is something called Divergent. She is warned to never tell anyone of her results – it is dangerous to be Divergent. After much contemplation over whether to stay in Abnegation or switch factions, Beatrice chooses to switch to Dauntless, and Caleb moves to Erudite. In Dauntless, Beatrice changes her name to Tris because she feels it will allow her to start over and become someone else entirely. She makes quick friends with two Candor transfers named Christina and Al, and an Erudite transfer named Will, while three other Candor transfers, Peter, Drew, and Molly, become her enemies. Initiation into this courageous faction involves three stages, and they will be ranked after each one. Only the top ten initiates will become Dauntless members; the rest will fail out and become factionless, forced to live on the streets of the city in poverty. The first stage of initiation involves learning how to fight from their mysterious initiation instructor, Four, and one of the cruel Dauntless leaders, Eric. Because Tris is small, she isn’t a particularly adept fighter, but she manages to get by.

Ethan Frome Essay

Ethan Frome Essay Destiny can shape the lives of many different kinds of people, such as princes who are meant to be kings and the poor who know they will not have the opportunity to be wealthy. Ethan Frome taught me that it is human nature to follow the destiny and predetermined life patterns bestowed on us upon birth. In one of the earlier chapters of Ethan Frome, the author describes the gravestones of many Ethan Fromes before the main character. It shows that Ethan will live and die in Starkfield, and he cannot change that regardless of what his aspirations are. Humans seem to have picked a spot and stayed there. A girl who grows up in a small town in the Midwest in a school with a class of one hundred, will experience the same lifestyle but through the eyes of a grown up woman. Even though this girl might have had dreams of living her own lifestyle, the barriers her destiny have formed between her aspirations and the reality of her predestined future. Life seems to be similar to a computer for many, as it is for Ethan Frome. One can type in a course for someone to follow, and it seems to never run off the tracks. Having a predetermined life does not always have to be about where you come from geographically. Even looking around Morristown High School, you can see patterns where, sadly, certain students do not have the same opportunities for success as others because of their past. The child of a well known cardiologist who lives in The Summit is given the drive and determination to learn as a characteristic from their parents, and it is already programmed into their life course. The child of an immigrant who is doing as much as they can to get by, might not be able to find that drive and determination as easily within themselves as the child who has been given those qualities from birth. On the other hand, there are those who can break those barriers. Every once in a while, you hear about a success story of somebody who fell off the life course but eventually found their way to a new and improved one. Those people are far to scarce. I will never forget a billboard I once saw in New York that read â€Å"Homeless to Harvard. † The picture showed a girl who looked as normal as a next door neighbor, but her struggles and accomplishments brought her to an ivy league school. Ethan Frome, Zeena, and Mattie Silver fell unbeknownst into the course of life that Starkfield Massachusetts had made. Cold winters and relationships forced them to stay on a path to mental destruction and misery. The story taught me that it is human nature to follow the set of rules made by the surrounding society.

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pre-scientific period Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers In the pre-scientific period the mind was considered as the soul. Primitive people explain phenomena such as sleep, unconsciousness, mental illness, death and so on using the concept of soul. The first scientific understanding of the psyche emerged in the ancient world. They are reflected in the writings of philosophers, doctors, teachers. In the ancient India the concept of the soul is revealed in the texts of the Vedas. Soul is regarded as a substance, which is inherent consciousness, eternity, the ability to work. Potentially soul has knowledge, morality, faith, unlimited energy (power) and infinite bliss. But as the soul is in an imperfect state, it is engaged in inappropriate activities and subject to suffering. Ethical and philosophical positions of the ancient East influenced on the formation of the scientific views of philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, where the idea of the psyche was formed in the process of consideration of man as part of nature. Democritus argued that the soul is a variety substances formed of atoms of fire and obey general laws. Socrates considered the the soul as a set of mental properties of the individual, which is acting in accordance with the understanding of moral ideals. Plato is the founder of the so-called dualism in psychology, according to which the material and the spiritual, physical and mental are treated as two separate and antagonistic beginnings. According to Aristotle, the soul is an essential beginning of the only organic life, and not the material world at all. The soul can not exist without the body, but is not limited to the body. The soul is not divided into parts, but it appears in different abilities - sensory, motor, mental. Formed as a science, modern psychology examines the facts, laws and mechanisms of mental life of humans and animals based on existing scientific data.

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's role in Hinduisim and Judaism - Essay Example This work intends to look into the role of women in Hinduism and Judaism. In order to understand what views the religions hold, the work primarily focuses on religious texts rather than contemporary social reality. This is so because what is practiced in the society is often slightly different from what is prescribed. Admittedly, Hinduism and Judaism are much older than many other religions. (Tuyizere 66). A look into the position of women in Hindu religion will provide the researcher with a number of contradicting views because while women enjoy equal status with men in some places, cultures, and texts, they seem to face many restrictions in some other cases. The reason may be that Hinduism is not a single religion, but is a union of various religions possessing considerably different views. Anyway, Vedas and Upanishads are considered as the basic tenets of Hinduism, and hence, the research on any subject in Hinduism should begin there. To begin with, a look into Vedas shows that a daughter is considered inferior to a son. To illustrate, Rig Veda presents the reader with a number of prayers for the birth of sons (Rig Veda I.91.20; III.1.23). These brave and religious sons are considered important because a son is necessary to perform religious rites to the ancestors. Thus, without a son, salvation of ancestors becomes a difficult task (Rig Veda V.85.25). As a result of this position, there is a degree of uneasiness associated with the birth of a girl child (Atharva Veda. VIII. 6. 25). Similarly, a look into Atharva Veda shows various charms and rituals in order to ensure the birth of a son (Atharva Veda VIII.6). Despite these differences, one can find references indicating equal position enjoyed by boys and girls in the Vedic society. For example, Atharva Veda (XI.5.18) shows that girls spent their early years in Brahmacharya ashram

An Introduction to the Supply Chain and the Firm's Position within It Essay

An Introduction to the Supply Chain and the Firm's Position within It - Essay Example Discussion: A Supply Chain may be seen as a series or network of facilities and distribution channels which facilitate the procurement, processing and conversion of raw materials into finished products and their distribution from the place of production to the final customer through a series of distribution stages. The stages are characterized by the distributer at the given stage and the activities that are performed by the distributor to ensure the delivery of the product to the end customer (Wiley 2012). The supply chain usually takes diverse forms. The structure of the firm varies in length, size, shape and the kind of activity involved. Also, a firm may be part of more than one interconnected supply chains, whose final outcome might be differentially diverse (Enporion 2009). Thus the Supply chains may sometimes more appropriately be referred to as Supply networks. For example Kellogg’s the world leading breakfast cereal and snack producer, sources raw materials from diffe rent sources which are functionally as well as geographically diverse. Further, Kellogg’s collaborates with a huge network of distributors like wholesalers, retailers and other outlets like hotels etc to make its product reach to the end customers (The Times 2012). Once the concept of a Supply chain as part of the value chain is established, the concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) comes to the fore. However it is important to understand the concept of logistics first. Logistics is concerned with Flow of materials and information to and from a firm’s boundaries aiding in the production and distribution of its products to the customers. At the same time, supply chain is a network of companies performing these logistical activities together to bring a product or products to the market. Also, a supply chain, apart from the logistical activities, also includes activities like marketing, finance and customer service. Supply Chain management thus is concerned with the co ordinated activities of production, location and inventory among the various participants of a supply chain. The activities are directed such that a mix of responsiveness and efficiency that is best suited to the market is achieved (Wiley 2012). Supply chain management is therefore concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of a supply chain. One of the major objectives of a supply chain is to reduce the logistical costs. Also, it strives to achieve an incentive within the system to remove waste from the processes or activities involved. It is through effective Supply Chain management that a firm can achieve the objective of a giving a better and differentiated value to the end customer. Kellogg’s for instance achieves this value through activities like partnering with supermarkets like Tesco. It follows close relationships with such partners. It has come up with a shelf ready unit at Tesco, which helps gives better choice and visibility to customers. Also, it augurs wel l for the sales both for Tesco as well as for Kellogg’s. In the recent years, Supply Chain Management has assumed an increasingly important role. This is so due the increasing globalization and industrial competition. From the perspective of stakeholders of a supply chain